where the red fern grows :: essays research papers

In the story, Billy was walking home one day when there was a quest for fight in the abetter _or_ abettor and he went to investigate to see what was going on and there was a bunch of dogs beating up on one dog so he decided to get involved and break it up. They all scattered away when they saw him coming. The dog that was getting beat up and was finesse on the ground and it was hurt. He went to the dog and saw it was a beautiful hound dog. He also noticed that the dog wasnt hurt that bad, skillful scared. When Billy was a boy he always wanted a pair of hound dogs. However, as much as he wanted a pair of hounds he did not receive them. Every now and then he would hear the neighboring dogs calling treed to their masters, and their masters whooping back to them to tell the hound that they were on the way. This encouraged Billy to want a hound even more. His dad told him one day that his grandpa wanted to see him soon. erstwhile he got to his grandfather, his grandfather told him that he had seen an ad in the newspaper for some hound dog pups. So he went and got an old tin can and started stickting money in it that he made from working in the fields.Over the next year he had saved up enough money to obtain his hound dog. He hiked over the mountains to the nearest town post office because thats where his dogs where going to be until he picked them up. He got to the post office and put them in a potato sack bag and headed for home. His grandpa had given him a coon trap so he could train his dogs. He named his dogs curt Anne and Old Dan. By the time hunting season had come he had his dogs trained and ready to go. The first night they treed their first ringtail coon. He skinned the coon and took it to his grandfather for money. He gave the money to his father. After about a year his dogs had become very good at hunting. The neighboring kids imagination that their dogs were the best dogs. He told them that his dogs could catch any coon. So they challenged hi m thinking that they were going to get five dollars out of him.

Essay About Family: Regular Angels :: Personal Narrative essay about my family

Regular Angels My fellow is a pissed off, broken angel, all contour and shade chthonian the lights, with an angular jaw and a mop of hair that lingers perpetually between haircuts. He shines from his altar, sweat glistening against his brown skin like diamond detritus and waves of fourteen-year old girls break against the stage, reaching and crying for a handful of him. He spills over with pain, seeding it with guttural groans and sibilant screams, and they receive it and in them it blooms and changes and becomes beautiful. As kids we take rockstar lessons from cabbage Phaler, a local guitar hero whos prospects for fame outside of Boise, Idaho have long been buried under years of the prostitution of cover songs. He makes a living instructing over-privileged snowy kids whose parents pay him weekly stipends to reassure them that their progeny are prodigy. He smells of twenty years playing bars, and of the strong black coffee that softens the blow of morningafter upon morningafter. Out of the earreach of our parents, he calls us names, and when we havent practised he rails at length against the injustice of two no-talents like us having beautiful new Fenders to play. My brother, he says, is hopeless. No ear and an ego the size of the Capital building. There is true wrath carved on my brothers soft child face as he crams his tatter music into his backpack and storms out of the studio, swearing in a color hes learned from our truck driver uncle. I, the peacemaker and ever so aware of the expenditure of our indenturement to Rob, mumble apologies and pack the guitars carefully, laying the straps across them in the cases like roses in caskets. Do any of you believe in love? Because I dont, The girls scream and the boys shout out and my brother wails a high, splintered note. The microphone cord twines around his body, an electric serpent, as he dances wild, bouncing on the balls of his feet and whipping his six-foot frame back and forth. The girl succeeding(pr enominal) door is actually the girl across the street in our PTA neighborhood two blocks from the high school. From our house, it appears that the distant spire of the Mormon temple rises directly from her roof. My brother rides his bike back and forth in front of her house bathed in the chilly slanted light of October.

A Trip To Panama City :: essays research papers

A Trip To Panama CityDay 1We arrived at Omar Torrijos airport via American Airlines betimes in theafternoon. We purchased our required tourist cards (3 balboas, as US dollars argoncalled in Panama) at the airport, then caught a taxi for the 18 mile dun to ourdown townsfolk hotel. The ride in the battered, un-airconditioned car was ratherexpensive (30 balboas), but the driver spoke English and was very friendly. Wearrived at the hotel and checked in. While my soda weatr was checking in I bought aguidebook in the hotel lobby and read up on the history of Panama City. Theoriginal metropolis was founded in 1519 by Pedro Arias Davila, known as Pedrarias theCruel, because of his eradication of all but three of the local Indian tribesduring his tenure in Panama. Davila used the city as a fanny to store Incangold before it was shipped to Spain. The original city was sacked and burnedin 1671 by a group of buccaneers led by enthalpy Morgan. The city was rebuiltwithin a year, this time on a peninsula 18 miles away and surrounded by astrong wall. This old Spanish city is now the in the middle downtown PanamaCity.Panama City is an international melting pot and its eating choices rangefrom American fast nourishment to excellent internationall cuisine. Eager to begin oursightseeing, we grabbed lunch at a nearby McDonalds after checking in thencaught a bus. The buses in Panama are a tourist attraction in themselves. Theyare brightly painted, hung with fringe, and have constantly blaring Salsa andCaracas music playing. They are cheap (50 cents a ride). but are very crowded.After asking several drivers Donde va este autobus? we finally found one goingto the Plaza Independencia. This plaza is the main square of the colonial townand is contact on one side by a cathedral with twin mother of pearl towers thattook 108 years to complete. On two other sides it is bordered by theArchbishops Palace, now a university and the Central Post Office. While in theold part of Panama City we also visited the Iglesia de San Jose and saw theGolden A altar. This altar was in the original Panama City and was saved fromHenry Morgans pirates by a monk who painted it black to disguise it. When wefinished touring we returned to our hotel and then ate dinner at El Pez de Ora,one of the city famous seafood restaurants.Day 2We woke early and headed out for a morning of shopping at the Mercado

Rev. Richard Johnson :: essays research papers

Reverend Richard JohnsonIn a land intended to be dumping grounds for Britains moral filth, Reverend Richard Johnson worked hard at pose the foundations of Christianity in Australia. Born in 1757 at Welton, England, he was educated at Magdalen College, Cambridge. He graduated with a BA in 1783, and was appointed a deacon and priest by the Archbishop of Canterbury in 1786. Only five months before the First Fleet set sail, Richard Johnson was recommended and approved for the position of Chaplin, to establish the Church of England in Australia. governor Phillip saw Johnsons job as a "moral policeman" to the convicts, but the chaplain viewed his position as a door of opportunity to preach the religious doctrine to the "dregs of humanity." His work began even before the ship landed, and his moral nature displayed. Johnson found the ships company very disrespectful and profane and targeted this in his teaching. On the by-line Sunday it was noted that for days afterwards their behaviour had improved.On Sunday the 3rd of February 1788, Johnson preached his outset sermon to a crowd of both soldiers and convicts. Being a result of the Evangelical revival in England, Johnson laboured for their salvation and tried to encourage goodness in them. He requested the help of the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, who rund him with 4200 books in total for the new colony, including Bibles, Testaments, Prayer Books, Catechisms, Psalters, and religious booklets against common sins. His job was not an easy one as he was meant to carry out many duties placed upon him by the Governor as well as the mission of his own. Johnsons duties included officiating at hangings and acting as magistrate when needed. In the first five years, he conducted 226 baptisms, 220 marriages and 851 funerals. One of Johnsons obstacles was the lack of support he received. He and his wife, Mary, lived in a cabbage palm hut for the first collar years while the Governor had two mansi ons. Many times his family was short of food and in addition to his regular duties he worked on his farm to provide for his family. Richard Johnson was a compassionate man who even took an Aboriginal girl, who had contracted smallpox, into his home for several months. This trait made Australia appear as a destination incompatible for him, but at the same time, he was the best man for the job.

Us-Ukraine Relations :: essays research papers

US- Ukraine RelationsRecently with the Ukrainian presidential elections, the relationship between the U.S. and the Ukraine has come to the forefront of global policy. Ukraine has been making strides in reformatting its regime and culture in a change from communism to democracy. Already they have changed from a command to free market, to an ownership society, and the consolidation of powers should be coming along smoothly with the new president. Lastly, the Ukrainian government has shown its willingness to work with western countries by aligning some polices with the E.U., N.A.T.O., and the U.S. This willingness was also proven in their part in the signing of the START treaty and the signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation TreatyCurrently Ukraine has a plethora of natural resources, arable land, and a willing workforce. This combination, with the right economic stimulus can flourish creating a stable and extremely potent economy. In order limit the Russian act in the area, we mu st send economic stimulus packages to revitalize the Ukrainian industries. This has already shown promise with the Gore- Kuchma commission and should be continued. Simultaneously it is important that we begin forming a strong trade relationship, foc using on limiting the Ukraines need for Russia, by providing an alternate means for goods.It is important that the U.S. insures Ukrainian independence from Russia. If the Ukraine became part of Russia, non only would Russia obtain the worlds leading supplier of ICBMs, But other countries part of the former Soviet Union are at risk of losing their independence. Russias have-to doe with in the region has recently come to light during the election scandal of 2004. Russias president, Vladimir Putin strongly supported candidate Yanukovych in the election. Yanukovychs main policies dealt with Russifying the Ukraine, and patently the west did not support this. On the other hand, Yanukovychs opponent Yushchenko supports more western based ide as. During the investigation into the voter fraud, it is important to point knocked out(p) the massive public protest to the outcome of the election, the so called Orange Revolution. This protest against the government shows the peoples want for a democratic government and willingness to fight the government using industry strikes and sit ins. Another important point was the poisoning of Yushchenko which was linked to the KGB and the Russian government. The results of this election shows the need for the United States to help wean the Ukrainian government off of Russian influence.

Us-Ukraine Relations :: essays research papers

US- Ukraine RelationsRecently with the Ukrainian presidential elections, the relationship betwixt the U.S. and the Ukraine has come to the forefront of International policy. Ukraine has been making strides in reformatting its authorities and culture in a change from communism to democracy. Already they have changed from a influence to free market, to an ownership society, and the consolidation of powers should be coming along smoothly with the new president. Lastly, the Ukrainian government has shown its willingness to work with western countries by aligning most polices with the E.U., N.A.T.O., and the U.S. This willingness was also proven in their part in the signing of the START treaty and the signing of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation TreatyCurrently Ukraine has a plethora of natural resources, arable land, and a willing workforce. This combination, with the right economic stimulus can flourish creating a stable and extremely potent economy. In shape limit the Russian influen ce in the area, we must send economic stimulus packages to revitalize the Ukrainian industries. This has already shown promise with the Gore- Kuchma commission and should be continued. at the same time it is important that we begin forming a strong trade relationship, focusing on limiting the Ukraines need for Russia, by providing an alternate means for goods.It is important that the U.S. insures Ukrainian independence from Russia. If the Ukraine became part of Russia, not only would Russia obtain the worlds leading supplier of ICBMs, But other countries part of the former Soviet Union are at risk of losing their independence. Russias interest in the region has recently come to light during the election scandal of 2004. Russias president, Vladimir Putin strongly supported candidate Yanukovych in the election. Yanukovychs main policies dealt with Russifying the Ukraine, and obviously the west did not support this. On the other hand, Yanukovychs opponent Yushchenko supports more west ern based ideas. During the investigation into the voter fraud, it is important to point out the massive public protest to the outcome of the election, the so called Orange Revolution. This protest against the government shows the peoples want for a democratic government and willingness to fight the government using industry strikes and sit ins. Another important point was the poisoning of Yushchenko which was linked to the KGB and the Russian government. The results of this election shows the need for the United States to attention wean the Ukrainian government off of Russian influence.

Freud – Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old Boy – Little Hans

Analysis of a Phobia in a Five-Year-Old male child sm all told-scale Hans Chronological Summary of Events 1903 Hans innate(p). (April) 1906 3 to 3 ? beginning(a) reports. 3 ? to 3 ? First visit to Gmunden. (Summer) 3 ? Castration threat. 3 ? Hanna born. (October) 1907 3 ? First stargaze. 4 Removal to new flat. 4 ? to 4 ? Second visit to Gmunden. Episode of biting provide. (Summer) 1908 4 ? Episode of falling horse. Outbreak of phobia. (January) 5 abate of analysis. (May) Background Little Hans (Herbert Graf) was born in April 1903 to Olga Graf ( bring) and Max Graf ( smash).He undertook four months of treatment, which was conducted by Hans father himself, and supervised by Freud, who took somewhat of a stick outseat. Freud cute to explore what factors direct to the phobia and what factors led to its remission. He be reposeved children face sub conscious emotional conflicts just as adults do, and their future adjustment depends on how well the conflicts argon solved. It was the starting time of all time psychoanalytical treatment on a child. Freud believed that the sexual impulses in a child would be fresh and naive, unlike when conducting the analysis on an adult, where the impulses have to be dug out.Freud hypothesised that the analysis would correspond with his previous work in the Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality. Overview First observations were taken at triplet years, where Hans spirit of enquiry towards widdlers became app atomic number 18nt with his initial observation that the presence or absence of a widdler differentiated between inanimate and animate objects p. 9. He in addition assumed that all animate objects were like himself and possessed this important bodily organ thus allowing him to arrive at a genuine abstract friendship A dog and horse have widdlers a table and chair havent. He was non deterred from this notion despite noting the lack of a widdler on his sister Hanna p. 11. Hans had begun to practise the commonest and most(prenominal) normal course of action of auto-erotic sexual activity Giving himself frolic by touching his member. The castration complex was first set in to Hans head at three and a half years when his stick told him the doctor would draw and chop his widdler off if he didnt fracture playing with it. p. 7-8. At the present time he was unfased, and suggested he could wee out of his bottom.His gravels threat made Hans believe it was possible to lose your genital organs, which he would later subconsciously believe would happen for repressing oedipal intrusts. This concern for the loss of his widdler was initially dismissed from his thoughts plainly made its effects apparent at a later period. Taking pleasure in his stimulate sexual organ soon turned in to scopophelia, in active and passive forms with his main fantasies and dreams being aimed around widdlers, widdling and needinessing that the girls in Gmunden would help him widdle p. 19. At age 3 ? e asked his fat her Daddy, have you got a widdlers too? When he asked his pay back if she had a widdler, she replied with why of course. He as well as repeatedly expressed the bank to see his m other and fathers widdlers in order to draw comparison. Hans had observed that larger animals had correspondingly larger widdlers and formulated the hypothesis that this was the case with his parents. For example his mother he thought must have a widdlers like a horse. This reproval could be interpreted that a childs wish to be bigger had been concentrated on his genitals.The sexual aim in which he act his girl playmates had found its fashion into object cacoethes in the usual manner from the care he had received as an babe. Its suggested that this fulminant erotic urge originated from the pleasure derived from the cutaneous (skin) contact of sleeping next to his mother (Hans would crawl into bed most mornings). This caused sexual arousal or gratification of the instinct of concentration Moll (1898 ). Cf &SE, 7, 169 n. 2. . This facilitated his increased interest in other girls (wanting to sleep with Mariedl Etc. and ultimately wanting to see their widdlers. Little Hans showed esteem towards both genders of children indiscriminately and once describe Fritzl as the girl he was fondest of p. 16. This contributed to Freuds idea of object-choice and homosexuality in children suggesting that most children have homosexual tendencies as they are only acquainted with one kind of genital organ. Freud intimates that because runty Hans had a widdler, and gave so much importance to it, he chose to have this familiar feature of speech as his sexual object.It is also important to note that in his future development he demonstrated an energetic masculinity with traits of polygamy he knew how to vary his behaviour, too, with his vary feminine objectsaudaciously aggressive in one case, languishing and bashful in another. His affection had moved from his mother on to other objects of love, but at a time when there was a scarcity of these it returned to her. Hans demonstrates elements of the sexual relations of a child to his parents discussed in Interpretation of Dreams 1900a, in Section D (? ) of Chapter V tired Ed. , 4, 248 ff. and in Three Essays 1905d, Standard Ed. 7, 222 ff. with regard to being a little Oedipus who who wanted to have his father out of the way, to get rid of him, so that he might be alone with his beautiful mother and sleep with her. This wish had originated during his summer holidays at Gmunden and had developed with the alternating presence and absence of his father (due to work commitments). Hans place that his fathers absenteeism gave him the opportunity of increased intimacy with his mother which he coarseed for. This desire for his father to go away then later developed into a desire for him to permanently go away to die.This caused striking conflict at bottom Hans as it contradicted the deep love he also felt towards his father. For example striking his father then immediately kissing the place he had hit p. 42. Freud goes on to comment that the emotional life of man is made up of pairs of contraries such(prenominal) as these. And that they usually go on supressing each other until one of them succeeds in keeping the other altogether out of site. Children offer the exception to this in that they can exist peaceably side-by-side for some time. Baby Hanna and the Stalk The most important influence upon the course of Hans psychosexual evelopment. Hans wathed how Hanna was cared for and this stimulated trace memories of his own ahead of time experiences of pleasure. His fever a few days afterward Hannas birth was an indication of how little he liked the addition to the family p. 11. Although affection came later his first thoughts were hostility and caution that yet more brothers and sisters might arrive that eroding the time and affection mother would devote to him. Freud put ups that it is clear wit hin Hans unconscious mind he treated his sister and father in the same way wanting them permanently out of the way.Interestingly Hans did not associate the same guilt towards his sisters devastation wish as that of his father. He subconsciously wanted mummy to mow Hanna in the bath so she would be gone, which consequently caused Hans great anxiety when having a bath himself, fearing it would happen to him as a punishment for thinking such things. Again, this wish would mean he could have his mummy all to himself. This hostility is delineated by a fear of the bath p. 66. The use of a Stork to explain the origin of Hanna was in conflict with the childish sexual theories he had begun to apply to the genuine in front of him.There is a clear progression from his initial acceptance of his fathers explanation he declared with conviction The storks coming to-day. to a growing ken that Everything he says shows that he connects what is strange in the situation with the arrival of the stork. He meets everything he sees with a very suspicious and intent look, and there can be no question that his first doubts about the stork have taken root. p. 10 Causes of anxiety and the beginning of the phobia Little Hans suffered an anxiety-dream mindlessly before the start of the phobia, in which mummy had gone and he had no mummy to coax with.This, combined with his separation from his mother at the time of Hannas birth p. 96 led to a fulminant surge of wanting mummy. Initially he would show signs of distress when away from her but it soon became evident that he was still afraid even when his mother went with him. Freud suggested Little Hans had outright concentrated his libido on her. His want to be with her constantly now changed into anxiety producing the phobia. He was initially scared of a big unobjectionable horse biting him in the street, and his father worried this was connected to the fear of big widdlers, which he had once taken great pleasure in examining.His fear was so strong that he struggled to leave the house, even more so without his mother. Whereas Little Hans once loved the fact that big animals had big widdlers, he now repressed it and was scared. This was thought to be due to him being so dissatisfied with his own. Anxiety was caused by mixing his former pleasure of big widdlers with his current un-pleasure of them. Little Hans admitted to placing his hands on his widdler every night which resulted in some kind of sexual pleasure or satisfaction (something which Freud later distinguished as a normal form of auto-erotic sexual activity).Yet at this early stage of the illness when his anxiety was heightened he expressed a fear that the horse will come into the room p. 24. His father worried that this masturbation was not helping the phobia. Freud suggested that it was his affection for his mother that he was trying to replace with his fear of horses p. 28. His libido was attached to seeing his mothers widdler and masturbation wa s giving him gratification. Attempts were made to stop this act, and daddy told Hans that mummy did in fact not have a widdlers p. 31, which calmed the phobia for a short while.Freud believed that accepting women do not have widdlers risked destroying Hans self-confidence and heightened the castration complex, so he resisted the information. After a short time an episode of illness caused the phobia to return. Freud baffleing similarity between the psychological structure of these phobias and that of hysteria termed this Anxiety-hysteria concluding that such hysterias are the most common of all psychoneurotic disorders and goes on to state they are par excellence in the neuroses of childhood. Little Hans outbreak of anxiety-hysteria was by no means as sudden as it first appeared.The anxiety dream he had where his mother had gone away and he was go away with no-one to coax with p. 26 was proceeded by two examples of attempts to seduce her p. 19 23. Hans dreamt of exchanging endear ments and sleeping with her but all of the pleasure was transferred into anxiety causing a punishment and repression. The catalyst for suddenly turning this sexual excitement into anxiety is speculated upon by Freud suggesting that mothers rejection of his advances could be one possibility. His fear of horses was traced back to an impression he had received at Gmunden p. 9 when his father warned him Dont put your finger to the horse if you do, itll bite you. The words, dont put your finger to, which Hans used in reporting this warning, resembled the form of words in which the warning against masturbation had been framed. Hans attempted to communicate his feeling towards his mother, in what was still a garble form, with the phantasy of the two giraffes. Little Hans trading floor of the big giraffe and the crumpled giraffe was interpreted by his father and Freud. His father was indeed the big giraffe and mummy was the crumpled giraffe.Subconsciously, little Hans wanted to take po ssession of mummy, by taking her away from daddy. Hans loved getting in to bed with mummy in the morning, it gave him pleasure, but the big giraffe profession out was his father dislike of him getting in. Immediately after the giraffe fantasy Hans disclosed two others forcing his way into a forbidden space at Schonbrunn, and the other of his smashing a railway-carriage window on the Stadtbahn p. 40-41. In each case the punishable nature of the action was emphasized, and in each his father appeared as an accomplice. This again links to the oedipal characteristic of taking possession of his mother.This combined with his burgeoning childish sexual theories that taking possession would involve some form of consummation which gave outset to the elusive thought of something violent and forbidden which the dreams allude to. Freud states that the dreams were therefore symbolic phantasies of intercourse and that his father plays accomplice within the dreams as Hans has very astutely deduc ed that I should like, he seems to have been saying to his father, to be doing something with my mother, something forbidden I do not know what it is, but I do know that you are doing it too. The giraffe fantasy resulted in Freud and father deciding it was the right time to inform Hans he was afraid of his father because he himself nourished jealous and offensive wishes against him and thus partly interpreted his fear of horses for him the horse must be his father whom he had good internal reasons for fearing. p. 42 Subconsciously he was extremely ugly that his father would find out, as he feared if he did he would castrate him. When an internal situation such as this one cannot be processed, it brings pathological, and a compromise-formation inescapably to happen, which becomes apparent at the very end of the analysis.Enlightening Hans on this subject had cleared away his most powerful resistance against allowing his unconscious thoughts to be made conscious for his father was himself acting as his physician. As a result Hans became more aware/willing/confident to describe the details of his phobia He was not only afraid of horses biting himhe was soon silent upon that readbut also of carts, of furniture-vans, and of buses (their common quality being, as presently became clear, that they were all to a great extent loaded), of horses that started moving, of horses that looked big and heavy, and of horses that drove quickly.The meaning of these specifications was explained by Hans himself he was afraid of horses falling down, and consequently incorporated in his phobia everything that seemed likely to facilitate their falling down. p. 46-7. Hans described going for a walk with his mother and witnessing a bus-horse fall down and kick abut with his feet p. 49. He was terrified thinking the horse was dead and that all horses will fall down. He then associated this with the wish for his father to go away and wanted him to fall down in the same way and be de ad. When confronted with this notion Hans did not dispute it and later went on to play a game of biting his father symbolically accepting the theory that he had identified his father with the horse he was afraid of. p. 52. Upon questioning Hans father uncovered an impression which lay concealed behind that of the falling bus horse of an fact that occurred during their summer at Gmunden. While they were playing horses Fritzl had hit his foot against a stone and fallen down. p. 58.Seeing the bus horse fall while walking with his mother had reminded him of this although Hans initially denied this p. 82. Freud commented that It is especially interesting, however, to observe the way in which the transformation of Hanss libido into anxiety was projected on to the principal object of his phobia, on to horses. Hans regarded Fritzl as a stand-in for his father, curiously as Fritzl competed with Hans for the attention and affection of the girl playmates at Gmunden in a similar way to the manner in which Hans competed with his father for his beloved mothers affection.Freud also states that When repression had set in and brought a revulsion of feeling along with it, horses, which had till then been associated with so much pleasure, were necessarily turned into objects of fear. The Lumf Complex Hans became unexpectedly negligent with lumf showing disgust at anything that reminded him of evacuating his bowels p. 55. Hans had been in the habit of insisting upon accompanying his mother to the W. C. p. 63. His friend Berta filled his mothers place, until the fact became known and he was forbidden to do so p. 1. His father speculated that there was a link between the symbolism of a loaded horse cart loss through some render (which Hans had observed in the Customs House opposite their home) and the passing of faeces out of the body p 66-68. Hans further clarified the symbolism of lumf with an additional phantasy of the plumber Daddy, I thought something I was in the bath , and then the plumber came and unscrewed it. Then he took a big borer and stuck it into my stomach. p. 65. Freud interpreted this as With your big phallus you bored me (i. . gave birth to me) and put me in my mothers uterus. His fantasy regarding the plumber unscrewing the bath and then struck him in the stomach with a big borer was further interpreted later on in the analysis. He was remoulding a fantasy of procreation, distorted by anxiety. The big bath was his mothers womb and the borer was his fathers penis giving a connection to being born. We must also consider Hans earlier confession that he wished that his mother might drop the child while she was being given her bath, so that she should die p. 72.His own anxiety attached to bathing was a fear of retribution for this evil wish and of being punished by the same thing happening to him. Hans moved on to draw the natural conclusion that little Hanna was a lumf herself and that all babies were lumfs and were born like lumfs. We can thus deduce that all furniture-vans, drays and buses were only stork-box carts, and were therefore symbolic representations of pregnancy and that when a horse fell down it can not only be seen as his dying father but also his mother in childbirth a conflicting desire and fear.As discussed during the stork analysis Hans had noticed his mothers pregnancy and had effectd the facts of the case together without spread abroading anyone. Which was demonstrated by his sceptical attitude towards the stork explanation given by his father and his description of Hanna association them at Gmunden a year before her actual birth. Hans justified this phantasy, and in fact deliberately embellished it as an act of revenge upon his father. against whom he harboured a malevolence for having misled him with the stork fable. Freud eloquently summarises Hans subconscious feeling on the matter If you really thought I was as stupid s all that, and expected me to believe that the stork brought Ha nna, then in return I expect you to, accept my inventions as the truth. Hans continued to seek revenge within the phantasy of teasing and beating horses p. 79. This phantasy, again, had two constituents. for the first time to reinforce his pleasure at the teasing he had submitted his father with the recollection of Hanna at Gmunden and secondly, it reproduced the obscure sadistic desires directed towards his mother. Hans even confessed consciously to a desire to beat his mother p. 81.Hans discloses further phantasies which seem to confirm his growing confidence to communicate his conscious wish to get rid of his father and that the reason he wished it was that his father interfered with his own intimacy with his mother. As Freud states this clearly shows Hans progressive development from timid hinting to fully conscious, undistorted perspicuity. Overcoming his fears Concluding phantasies Freud describes the first of these as a triumphant, jealous phantasy, and with it he overcam e his fear of castration in which the plumber gives Hans a new and, as his father guessed, a bigger widdler p. 98.His second phantasy confessed to the wish to be married to his mother and to have many children by her p. 96-97. Significantly this phantasy also provided an acceptable to Hans resolution to the unacceptable conflict within him caused by his desire to kill his father. Instead he promoted him to marry Hans grandmother. Thus resolving the alternating emotions of love and hate towards his father and the evil thoughts hed harboured towards him. Hans had made up for the loss (reduced care and attention received from his mother) he experienced as a result of the birth of his sister by imagining he had children of his own. And so long as they were at Gmunden he could really play with his children and therefore found an acceptable to him outlet for his affections. The families subsequent return to Vienna refocused Hans attention on his mother resulting in him gaining satisfactio n by a masturbatory stimulation of his genitals. His desire to have children was twofold He considered Hanna to be born like passing a lumf and therefore identified with his own feelings of pleasure in passing stool. Secondly the compensatory pleasure of passing his affection onto them. The conflict within Hans arose by his inability to cognise his fathers ole in Hannas (and therefore his own) birth. Hans could understand that he and Hanna were his mothers children after all he now knew she had bought them into the world. But what role had his father played and what gave him the right to say they were his? As discussed Hans considered his fathers presence detrimental to his relationship with his mother for example by preventing her from sleeping with him. This revelation further reinforced Hans hostility towards his father which was compounded by stork lie which Hans perceived to be a conscious decision by his father to keep Hans from the knowledge he was thirsting for. This, Hans concluded, was therefore putting him at a evil on two fronts. Despite hating his rival he was the same father whom he had always loved and was bound to go on loving, who had been his model, had been his first playmate, and had looked after him from his earliest infancy thus giving rise to his first conflict. Freud therefore states that the hostile complex against his father screened the lustful one about his mother. Summary Conclusions Witnessing the horse falling down carried no traumatic force.It acquired significance due do Hans former interest in them and the earlier event in Gmunden which fit to the association of horses from Fritzl to his father. This was then compounded by the additional association of the horse falling with his mother in childbirth. Freud describes this return of the repressed as returning in such a manner that the the pathogenic material was remodelled and transposed on to the horse-complex, while the accompanying affects were uniformly turned into anxi ety. Hans phobia was also further distorted by the warning he had been given about masturbation and its link to the hostility he felt towards his father. Hans was later affected by a great wave of repression giving up masturbation and turning away in disgust at everything that reminded him of excrement and of the pleasure he had previously derived from observing other people performing their natural functions. This repression, considered natural by Freud Three Essays 1905d, Standard Ed. , was not however the precipitating cause of the illness. The two key conditions leading to Hans phobia were tendencies within Hans that had already been suppressed and had therefore never been able to find uninhibited expression i) Hostile and Jealous feelings towards his father ii) Sadistic impulses (premonitions of copulation) towards his mother. These repressed ideas forced their way into Hans consciousness as the (distorted) content of the phobia. As Freud describe this was however a paltry succ ess as the forces of repression made use of the opportunity to extend their normal over components other than those that had rebelled. The purpose of the phobia was therefore to restrict his movement Keeping him closer to his mothers affections. Hans had always taken pleasure in movement Im a young horse, he had said as he jumped about p. 58. This pleasure in movement had however included the instinctive impulse to mate with his mother and resulted in Hans causing his symbol of movement (the horse) to develop into a conscious anxiety. Alfred Adler suggested that anxiety arrises from the suppression of an aggressive instinct Adler, Der Aggressionstrieb im Leben und in der Neurose (1908).However Freud disagrees with this notion and goes on to state that this aggression is an indispensable attribute of all instincts. Or to simplify each instinct has its own power of becoming aggressive. Frued identifies the two instincts which became repressed in Hans as familiar components of the sexual libido. Freud seemed to hold Hans in high regard describing him as well formed physically, and was a cheerful, amiable, active-minded young fellow who might give pleasure to more people than his own father. He went on to observe that it is by no means such a rare thing to find object-choice and feelings of love in boys at a similarly early age. Signigficantly he also goes on to speculate that sexual precocity is a correlate, which is seldom absent, of expert precocity, and that it is therefore to be met with in gifted children more often than might be expected. This is demonstrated by Hans ability to cognate abstract reasoning particularly towards his childish sexual theories relating to the origin of his sister Hanna.Freud continues to say that Hans is not the only child who has been overtaken by a phobia at some time or other in his childhood. In fact such phobias can be extraordinarily frequent. Typically Their phobias are shouted down in the nursery because they are inaccessible to treatment and are decidedly inconvenient. In the course of months or years they diminish, and the child seems to recover but no one can tell what psychological changes are necessitated by such a recovery, or what alterations in character are involved in it. He therefore concludes that Hans illness may not have been any more serious than that of many other children who are not branded as degenerates. As discussed in previous papers For example last section of the third of Freuds Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality(1905d), Standard Ed. , 7, 225. psycho-analytic analysis of adult neurotics regularly identifies infantile anxiety as the point of departure. Freud goes on to discus wider societal issues stating that we concentrate too much upon symptoms and concern ourselves too little with their causes. An issue arguable still as relevant immediately as it as at the time of Freuds writing. Freuds concern was that In bringing up children we aim only at being left in peace and having no difficulties, in short, at training up a model child, and we pay very little attention to whether such a course of development is for the childs good as well. It can therefore be argued that the phobia was in fact an advantage for Hans as it directed his parents to unavoidable difficulties in overcoming the innate instinctual components of the mind. With his father assistance Hans now longer carries the repressed complexes other children still have to bear. It is also fair to state (as Freud does) that such complexes (as the origins of babies) are not only repressed by children but dreaded by their parents. Freud also looked to counter potential criticism that by bringing Hans wicked instincts into his conscious he might act upon then. For example acting out his evil wishes against his father?In his Postscript (1922) Freud scornfully comments that some readers of the case study had foretold a most evil future for little Hans who had been a victim of psychoana lysis thus robbing him of his innocence. He triumphantly reports that none of these predictions had come true and that the analysis actually facilitated Hans recovery. It had in fact helped prepare him for the emotional turbulence of his parents separation in subsequent years. A further point to consider from the postscript is teenage Hans apparent infant amnesia towards the challenges of his early years.He also argues in favour of full disclosure by telling him about the vagina and copulation allowing him to put an end to his stream of questions without loosing love for his mother or his own childish nature. In his conclusion Freud discusses a number of principles common to modern psychotherapy. For example A number of individuals are constantly passing from the class of healthy people into that of neurotic patients, while a far smaller number also make the journey in the opposite direction. A childs upbringing can exercise a powerful influence for good or for evil upon the disp osition they subsequently exhibit. The origin of pathogenic complexes deserves to be regarded by educators as an invaluable guide in their conduct towards children. And subsequently At what cost has the suppression of inconvenient instincts been achieved? He also passes comment on the psychoanalytic process itself. Specifically relating to this analysis he states Previously, his father the therapist had been able to tell him Hans in advance what was coming, while Hans had merely followed his lead and come trotting after but now it was Hans who was forging ahead, so rapidly and steadily that his father the therapist found it difficult to keep up with him. This alludes to the significant challenge the therapist faces in containing and interlingual rendition the information and emotions the patient transfers onto them. In the case of Hans this is compounded by the conflict produced within the father-son/therapist-patient diad. Something Freud refers to when discussing the considerabl e barrier in bringing Hans hostility towards his father into the little boys conscious. This is summarised beautifully by Freud in the following paragraph The physician is a step in front of him in knowledge and the patient follows along his own road, until the two meet at the appointed goal. Beginners in psycho-analysis are apt to assimilate these two events, and to suppose that the moment at which one of the patients unconscious complexes has become known to them is also the moment at which the patient himself recognises it. They are expecting too much when they think that they will cure the patient by informing him of this piece of knowledge for he can do no more with the information than make use of it to help himself in discovering the unconscious complex where it is anchored in his unconscious.

Policy of Medicare System Essay

With the evolution of new drug-resistant strains of maladies in the contemporary period, scientists atomic number 18 now divergence back to nature in pursuit of primal defenses. Says Dr. Robert Nash, research director of Molecular Nature in the united Kingdom, Dandelions, sea pinks, nettles, even bluebells were used to treat diseases. There is a good reason for going back to see if there was any issue behind these traditional uses (Amundsen 132). In our backyard, there is a bed of bluebells and never had it dawned on me that bluebells prove to induct anti-virus and anti-cancer properties. That they were used in the 13th century against leprosy (Amundsen 155). Not that I would re everyy want to prepare for any possible leprosy case that may stem at home solely the thought of having nifty bluebells in the garden can give comfort on good wellness and brainy ancestors. In the library, the books speak of one thing about wellness boot that it is the management of the resources of heal ing. Darrel Amundsen, in his book Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval existences, pointed up the wonder of natural medicines and traditional medicine. Stanley Reiser tells us of how medical examination exam compassionate evolved from technological point of capture. Dorothy Porters genial Medicine and Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century talks about where the health care industry has drifted by means of different eras.It has had a major impact on how raft perceive health on the whole. From the unborn and mothers to all the phases of childhood to the callowness and the adults to the older people, health care has been in packages essential at various stages of the human being.Additionally, the practitioners retain done a lot of education, investing awe-inspiring simulateionateness of finances and effort in educating the public. Professional patronizing and obscure terminology leave behind give way to cooperative educational approaches, and clien t-oriented rehabilitation. This approach is estimated to provide the about appropriate package of health operate suited to ensure a healthy well-being of all age groups.In every industrialized country, excluding the linked States (U.S.), the provision of health care has wrench the financial responsibility of the state over the past 100 years. Taxes on both employers and workers and general tax revenues financed the health care insurance system. This was the procedure in Western Europe and Great Britain (Warner 360-368). The exception of the U.S. can be credited to the native value the Americans placed on self-help and repulsion against dependency. After 80 years of anxiety, the federal government of the U.S. has accepted the system plainly with some degree of responsibility.When the medical care program was introduced to them, it has become a complex mix of public and private payments. The extent covered the maldistribution of resources and disproportions of access (Porter 9). Nevertheless, across the surveys, the U.S. health care system becomes the countrys largest employer. Approximately, 597,000 are physicians, 137,000 are dentists, 1.8 million are nurses, and nine million are field workers (Warner 356). Administering the federal health care activities was charged to the Department of wellness and Human Services. Health insurance comprises all forms of insurance against financial loss resulting from injury or illness. The most common health insurance coverage is for hospital care, including the physician services in the hospital. Major medical policies protect the insured against calamitous charges, paying a congeries of that ranges from $10,000 to $1,000,000, after the policyholder has paid a preliminary deductible center (Warner 371). Patients usually build out-of-pocket expenses since doctors charges are not entirely covered by the insurance. Overheads for healthcare services in the U.S. alone have been mounting precipitously for about over a d ecade. Insurance coverage is potholed. Coverage for home care of the chronically ill is nigh on absent. A fixed sum is paid for a service except for hospital insurance. much often than not, this payment must be supplemented by the patient (Warner 358). Problems also arose in the aspect of recruitment and distribution of physicians. About one-fourth of U.S. physicians were engaged in primary patient care. That included obstetrics, internal medicine, pediatrics, and family medicine. In the slums of big cities, physicians are sparse but profuse in the more affluent sub-urban areas (Porter 12).One of the more daunting areas of health care is the prohibitive cost of medicines. At present, there is no presidential term body that regulates the price of medicine. This means that the manufacturers dictate the prices. With this discretion, expectedly the prices could be set as high as excusably possible. To ornament with justice, their marketing strategy has spawned the mentality that bran d is better.Came the managed healthcare system. The genesis of contemporaneous managed care can be trailed to the prepaid plans providing healthcare to rural, shipbuilding and construction workers in the U.S. in the 1920s and 1930s. Managed healthcare have likewise existed in ancient China when doctors were supposedly paid only while they kept their patients healthy.Although many of the procedures used by managed healthcare to regulate expenditures have existed in African countries for a time, it was only since the latter part of the 20th century that the concept of managed care has been both in full swing in an effort to provide Africa with low-priced quality healthcare and denigrated by others (Porter 10-11).But in the U.S., managed healthcare was only firmly established when briskly swelling healthcare cost in the 1970s and 80s led to the passing of legislation providing for the establishment of Health Maintenance Organizations (HMOs) (Warner 370). HMOs and the government has sin ce then been on the piquet for effective alternatives. The government and the private sector all face the problem of financing the uncontrolled inflation of cost in the medical care program. Others blessed it on the growing numbers of people who seek care. Some on the greater use of laboratory costs and of specialists in diagnosis and treatment (Reiser 16). gratuitous to say, the synergistic force of the sectors wanted programs that were cheap but were at least, effective. Hospitals were responding to increasing cost demands. They attempted to introduce more managent management schemes. Proprietary hospitals have found greater earnings in chain operations. Other efforts to slash costs included hiring less-expensive professional workers, like nurses and paramedics, in the hope of getting base care to patients at a lower fee (Porter 10). The health care system has indeed been an entrepreneurial idea.However, paradox has it that in due time, antibiotics, vaccines, and other rattli ng medicines will be short of availability at least, among the 5.6 billion people, according to the World Health Organization (Porter 18). Scarcity of producers of medicines has nothing to do with it. Maldistribution and capitalistic victimisation will make the medicines inaccessible to the poor. Over 40 million Americans have some form of heart or blood vessel disease, and the combined costs of treatment and lost income go 50 billion dollars annually.About 4 million people, 10 percent of those with cardiovascular diseases, have coronary artery disease. Because of these describeings, the Framingham cogitation considers cardiovascular disease as one of the leading epidemiological diseases in the country. A more distressing fact rings throughout the Third World countries whose healthcare programs are financed by their governments on less than 1 percent cut from the gross domestic product (Porter 15-16). At this reality, whose son or miss will not be underfed?Every major city had s lum areas that housed the poor and unemployed, and declining farm incomes created rural poverty. Amid the growth and confidence of the postwar years, United States leaders initiated programs of aid to help people at home and abroad improve their way of life. Programs of domestic aid included funds for education, medical care for the poor, and urban renewal programs. International air programs begun soon after the war sought to help United States maintain economic and political stability (Fusfeld and Bates, 1984). devoid people suffer from the lack of many things they need. For example, they are less likely to receive adequate medical care or to eat the foods they need to pose healthy. The poor have more diseases, become more seriously ill, and die at a younger age than other people do. Poor people often live in substandard housing in socially isolated areas where most of their neighbors are poor.Many low-income families live in crowded, run-down buildings with undermanned heat and plumbing. The jobs most readily available to the poor provide low wages and little opportunity for advancement. Many of these jobs also involve dangerous or unhealthful working conditions. Financial, medical, and emotional problems often strain family ties among the poverty-stricken.Furthermore, the healthcare system of countryside Americans is dense. For instance, Indians are lacking relative to their urban equivalents in many important shipway that shape their health they are unduly economically inferior, proportionately lesser are of working age, and they have not fulfilled as much of education. topographic access is of principal interest in several rural states. Indians who reside in remote areas, comparatively far from urban areas or centers, somemultiplication find it hard to get in touch with healthcare personnel or services.In respect of urban inhabitants, rural dwellers have to trek farther to care and tackle other problems such as mediocre road and rail network, and shor t of public transportation. These problems are distinguished yet their resolution escapes the labors of the U.S. Legislature, and local governments. polish is another driving factor, including influential customs (Nabokov). The Indians unfavorable health behaviors, employment of folk medication, the impact of traditional religion on healthcare, and estrangement from countrywide association all play a part to the way they care for their health.To make the decisions centralized, World Medical Association was founded as an organization of several of the worlds national medical associations. Instituted in 1947, this medical society has embraced an international code of medical ethics and many other ethical pronouncements. The center of operations is in Ferney-Voltaire, France (Porter, 2000).One of the pivotal epidemiological methodologies for an improved healthcare provision is an informed public. If the individual does not understand what he or she must do to conserve health and red uce his or her risk of a probable epidemiological disease, if he or she does not recognize when he or she needs distant help, and if he or she or members of his family are not prepared to take the appropriate steps to obtain this help, then all of the worlds medical knowledge will be of little value.The educational process that would prepare an individual to help preserve his or her own health and reduce his or her epidemiological risk should ideally begin in his or her youth when lifelong patterns are being formed, and continue throughout his or her adult life. A hospital managements role is twofold helping to build good health habits in the young, and serving as agents in adult health habits through public knowledge and education programs designed to teach preservation of health and raise the general health consciousness of the people.The practicing physician, emergency medical services, the clinic or neighborhood health center, the hospital as a whole stand to be prepared in im plementing medical line of defense. Even at times the nonmedical person who is on the scene when an acute emergency occurs are relied on.In order to be effective, the hospital carrying out the epidemiological measures, together with these individuals and services, are induce and expected not only to be capable of providing healthcare, but must be prepared to do so in a manner that is unobjectionable and accessible to, and understood by, the public. The epidemiological measures of a hospital in this area shall also address such things as professional education, healthcare standards, and public information regarding access to care and services.Another approach is that which serves as the underpinning of the rest of the strategies and plans it is the biomedical research to identify such epidemiological factors as dietary fats, smoking, hypertension, etc., that adversely affect human health and to devise methods for preventing, diagnosing, and treating these conditions and the disease s to which they contribute.In this regard, the hospital has a unique role to play, in that while they cannot the huge sums needed for large-scale clinical trials or epidemiological studies, they claim to have an excellent mechanism for supporting young investigators who are juts beginning their research careers, helping them gain the experience and results necessary to compete for larger grants in the national and international arenas. The emphasis is practically placed on the support of quality research projects having high merit ratings.To adequately break such improved measures by Medicare, it should have the hospital require a programmed effort that first takes into consideration the fact that the hospital cannot be all things to all people. It may have quite limited resources in terms of currency, volunteers, and staff in other departments, and the need for each of these resources may always seem to exceed the supply.Since there are numerous programs and activities that are c apable of improving health of the patients to some degree, hard choices must be do regarding the disposition of these resources. This implies priority setting, which is made more efficient by the establishment and implementation of a hospital-wide, goal-oriented, long-range planning process. Such a process helps the hospital focus its epidemiological measures on high yield, cost-effective projects that either help prevent the healthcare provision, or provide ongoing relief and control, yielding the highest return on time and money invested.All in all, medical institution evolved across time to deal with problems of health and disease using epidemiological measures that are based on mortality, morbidity, disability, and quality. More specifically, medical institution was perceived performing a number of key functions in modern societies.First, it treats and seeks to cure disease. Second, the medical institution attempts to prevent disease through maintenance programs, including vacc ination, health education, periodic checkups, and public health and safety standards (administrative medicine). Third, it undertakes research in the prevention, treatment, and cure of health problems (preventive medicine). And fourth, it serves as an agency of social control by defining some behaviors as normal and healthy and others as deviant and unhealthy.Although health care can take its roots back when one of the greatest achievements of civilization was the naissance of medicine, real health comes from within. The quality of life of an individual is governed by the swelling bearing of his positive personal health-seeking activities and behaviors. And with the help of heath care, tomorrows health centers will fill out todays precision diagnostic services with equally scientific self-care and wellness programs. Future healthcare will increasingly concede to the empowerment of the individual.Perhaps the way healthcare began more than two thousand years back differs from the way i t will continue in the next two thousand years or so. The gods may still have a role but not for the folks to plead to for kinder nature. A common Supreme Being might then take the place of them and be prayed to in exchange for a kinder world. If in the past, the causes of illnesses may have been share between man and nature, from this time forth, diseases would be brought about by the caustic arms of industrialization. Whose healthcare would not be needed most in the middle of volatile worldwide climate and industrial population? Typhoons come and leave natural borne diseases. McDonalds open their stores and send resentful stomachs to the healthcare clinics. Who would not thence draw a smart plot from the commercial appeal of healthcare?For healthcare, this means an upsurge in affliction as well as a digression of resources away from healthcare toward reform. The pandemonium disrupts food supplies, infectious diseases multiply, and alarm triggers stress-induced illnesses. The be ginnings of medical care may have been deemed mad and laughable. Then again, its inheritance, with the help of worsen worldwide scenarios, is rendering the underprivileged mad and the moneyed having the last laugh.ReferencesAmundsen, Darrel W. (1996). Medicine and faith in early Christianity. Medicine, Society, and Faith in the Ancient and Medieval Worlds. Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press.Chambers, Donald and Kenneth Wedel. societal Policy and Social Programs A Method for the Practical Public Policy Analyst, 4th edition. Pearson Publishing.Fusfeld, Daniel R., and Timothy Bates. (1984). The Political Economy of the Urban Ghetto. Southern Illinois University Press.McDaniel, W. B. (1959). A view of 19th century medical historiography in the United States of America. The History of Medicine.Nabokov, Peter. Native American Testimony A Chronicle Of Indian-White Relations From Prophesy To The Present (1492-1992). Penguin Publishing.Porter, Dorothy E. (1975). Social Medicine a nd Medical Sociology in the Twentieth Century. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University Press.Reiser, Stanley J. (1984). The machine at the bedside Technological transformations of practices and values. The Machine at the Bedside Strategies for Using Technology in Patient Care. Cambridge Cambridge University Press.Warner, Martin S. (1985). Medical design and Health Care During the Revolutionary War and Early National Periods. Baltimore The Johns Hopkins University Press.

Developing a Philosophy of Leadership Essay

A lead ism is the way we see ourselves as leaders. This philosophy guides our actions, our behaviors, and our thoughts. Our philosophies argon influenced by external and internal forces. We lot change who we argon as leaders by simply changing our philosophy of leadership. Leadership philosophies can change as you grow to understand yourself within the context of leading.Creating or finding your leadership philosophy means that you must explore and reflect upon your in-person values, assumptions, and beliefs about leadership.Personal values are qualities or characteristics that you value. You would rather leave an organization or step down as a leader than persecute your values. Your values guide your intentions and they influence how you lead. When your personal values are clear and you are conscious of them, you create a solid foundation for leading.Assumptions are ideas that are assumed or believed to be true. As a leader it is important to understand what assumptions fuel yo ur leadership thinking. Often leaders are not certified of the assumptions because they are operating from certain paradigms that provide not allow them to see assumptions. Reflection into unitarys leadership is an excellent way to uncover assumptions.Beliefs are ideas that we hold to be true they shape our realities. If a leader believes that the only individuals in an organization that can make decisions is the management staff, then that belief exit influence how the leader treats others. Beliefs can also be unconscious they are for us a habitual way of thinking and acting that it doesnt bewilder our minds that our beliefs may be prohibiting us.The following is an exercise to help you create, find, or define your personal philosophy of leadership.Exercise 1 Identifying Your Leadership ValuesFrom the list below, piece five core values that you feel describe and guide who you are as a leader. You may choose other values that are not on this list. Place them in the following c hart and answer the questions in the matrix.1. Write down two stories of leadership. One story should describe a unequivocal experience youve had with leadership and the second story should describe a time when you had a negative experience with leadership.2. In the space below, write down your description of leadership.3. Using your definition of leadership, please elaborate how you first came to understand (or know) your leadership definition.4. Describe who are the individuals or organizations that influence your leadership definition.For each of the questions in this section, bring yourself1. What were my assumptions?2. What influenced my assumptions?3. Would others (co-workers, friends, supervisors) see the situations I described differently?Exercise 3 Understanding Your Leadership BeliefsAnswer the following questions about leadership beliefs. By reflecting on these questions, you go out find what beliefs you hold about leadership.1. Can people who have caused others harm be leaders, e.g. Adolph Hitler?2. Should leaders have certain qualities to be able to lead?3. Who decides who leads?4. How do leaders gain credibility?5. In general, is there something good about leadership?6. What do you think is the purpose for leadership?7. Is leadership behavior essential through personal experiences or through external forces?For the questions above, write down one control for each question that best illustrates your belief about that question. For example, if you answered 6 with The purpose of leadership is to provide vision, guidance, and bring people together for a common good. It unites people and gets them to join together for a goal, then your belief statement may be I believe that leadership provides a vision to create a common good. Write a statement for each question. These statements will be used in combination with the other activities to create a philosophy of leadership for you.Exercise 4 Finalizing Your Leadership PhilosophyNow that youve place your leadership values, uncovered your leadership assumptions, and understand what beliefs guide your leadership thinking, you are now ready to write statements reflecting your leadership philosophy using the responses above. Statements about your leadership should be written in the present moment not in the future tense. Creating present moment statements helps you to internalize and visualize your philosophy as it is accident now, not in the future or the past.Your leadership philosophy should be a statement that consists of your responses from the above exercise. It doesnt have to include everything, but it should enshroud the general idea of what youve written. It doesnt have to be formatted in a certain way just whatever makes sense to you. You can write one sentence statements or you can write a story explaining your philosophy. Start with an initial draft of your philosophy and write it down. Revise it as often as you need. Remember, your philosophy can change depending o n where you are at with your leadership.After youve finished, type out your philosophy on a nice sheet of opus and frame it. Add pictures or artwork to your philosophy. Place it in an area where you will see it all the time this will serve as a reminder to you to remain true to your leadership. The following is a sample philosophy statement consisting of one sentence statements. Remember, you can write your philosophy in some(prenominal) way that makes sense to you. My Leadership Philosophy isI believe that leadership is a journey that consists of followers and leaders. I balance my work and personal success.I always help people to find the best in themselves.I spend time reflecting on my leadership and its implications on others. I value truth in personal and professional development.I respect leadership from different perspectives and ways of knowing. I listen with respect and gratitude to others.

“Cut” – Creative Writing

Were here, Dad breathed a huge sigh of relief as our flashy, new Lotus rolled effortlessly along the neglected, overgrown gravel drive. The stress of travelling for five exhausting hours across the alwayslasting terrain of Switzerland had got to all of us. The trepidation engulfed me as we passed the colossal pines that stood at the side of the drive shivering in the unbearably rimy temperature. Even at that moment in the depth of the Swiss winter the comforting, peach dismal rays of the rising morning sun peeked warily through the dominant clouds. I stared in awe as a low flying eagle flexed its travel majestically in a demonstration of unlimited power and agility. I watched in wonder, as it swooped through the dense woodland and off into the distance.The car all at once swerved uncontrollably to the left bringing my wandering thoughts back to the present. Dad, by now a little fatigued nearly hit a baby rabbit, which obviously unaware of its actions darted off into the safety of a nearby gorse bush. The waiting was almost unbearable as we veered around the last corner and drove conservatively up to our new house.The house was what I expected. The main building was huge, sixteenth century and make of stone. The outer buildings consisted of a spacious garage and a abandoned stable block. As we neared it I could see the windows, thick with grime and dust that had gathered over the many years the house had been uninhabited. The crumbling stone walls were wrapped in a substantial blanket of spindly ivy. Much of it was dying, ripped from the now vulnerable walls by the raging gales that had hit Switzerland only months ago. Needless to say, the house looked stunning as the blazing sun beat down lighting it up in the most peculiar way. It had almost a frightening, mysterious feel to it. Even in its beauty it was slightly spooky but that didnt really bother me.It was the house of my dreams set in the vast, mountainous regions of Switzerland. The freedom of the open country appealed greatly to me and the clean, freshly air rushing vigorously through the open car window cleared my mind as I smiled and relaxed, slumping down into the soft, furry car seat. As the first few glistening snowdrops began to fall from the overcast sky I matte up at ease with myself. This was my heaven.The gravel crunched as the car ground to a halt. My brother and I leapt out of the lifeless car. Dad enthusiastically wrenched open the awkward car boot and hauled out the most humungous suitcase I had ever seen. He then proceeded to dump it into my weak arms and with ever ounce of my diminishing strength I lugged it into the house.As I entered, the most horrendous mouldy smell hit my sensitive nose making me feel terribly nauseous. I walked slowly over to the kitchen table. The house was silent, not quiet, but silent. A cold silence. The type that makes you shudder. I looked around. The light flowing through the ancient glass windows cast shadows in the room. The table was coated with thick dust protecting the pinewood underneath. I drew a short, sharp breath and blew. Multitudinous clouds of swirling dust flew through the air directing allthing in its path. I coughed violently, my lungs on fire, as they fought to keep the beat dust out. All around me spiders scowled, most irritated by my presence.I crept quietly over the old fashioned, tiled floor towards the living room. As I advanced through the broken doorframe I felt a sticky cobweb grab my unsuspecting face, trapping it in a greater omentum of ragged threads. I let out a blood-curdling wail covering my face with my shaking hands.Dont be such a baby, my brother sneered, as, fatefully for me he walked through the battered front door. I ignored his puerile remark and hurried into the living room.In the darkest corner of the dimly lit room stood a grandfather clock. Tick tock, tick tock, tick tock. Its repetitive sound could be perceive every second. Its aching muscles strained co ntinuously to keep it alive. It looked bored and tire like a damp, filthy mine worker in the last hour of his never ending shift. As it hit the hour the shrill interminable chime of its rusty pendulum rang out echoing in my ears. The dated, grubby wallpaper that appeared to have been once white was now a muddy coloured brown. The talebearing(a) roof caused scraggy strips to hang off the cream walls. The stripy light that broke through the dusty barrier on the window caused intricate patterns to cover the dirty floor. My arm, now numb with excruciating pain dropped the intolerable suitcase and with an almighty thud it hit the ground.I heard the front door have sex shut sending noticeable vibrations through the floor like the starting tremor of an earthquake. Dad walked in with the last of our belongings.Are you O.K, he exclaimed seeming passing anxious about my present state. Yes Im fine, I muttered quietly.Come and help us unpack, Dad suggestedThe thought of unpacking piles of kitchen utensils, bedroom furniture and various miscellaneous objects made me quiver. My legs felt like pink blancmange as I struggled to find a plausible alleviate. I could think of tonnes of better things to do in this serene countryside than unenthusiastically unpacking hoards of useless junk I think I might go and explore our new surroundings, I stuttered, that creation the only half decent excuse my unproductive brain could generate.I staggered past my father, lengthening my hurried steps like a startled antelope fleeing for its life. As I reached for the door I glanced towards my unfortunate brother and mocked him as he started to unpack lackadaisically. I strode out into the halt winters air and felt it bite my rosy cheeks. The blinding sun had risen and put up a glorious smile on the faces of colourful flowers.I heard the distant crunch of the gravel drive and roaring around the corner came the chickenhearted painted, battered removal van that made a deafening clanging noise every time it hit a pothole. I smiled, praising myself for the adroit way in which I got out of unpacking.I wandered over to the broken, wooden gate that led out into the acres of harsh mountains that we now owned. I receptive the fragile gate and stepped carefully through. As soon as I did I entered a new, magical world. The fiery sun made the sodden rat glisten like the expensive diamonds that stood in the busy New York streets that contained my old house. This was so wonderfully different to New York. As I took my first handsome steps into this radiant world I felt at ease with myself.My eyes rolled in there tightening sockets as I looked around. The emerald brand unfolded meticulously before me like a contemporary carpet that had been recently laid. I carefully picked out the biggest mountain and in my insane determination I decided to climb to the top. It wasnt too far a strait up, just through some dense woodland and there it would be. As I traipsed through the me adow cheat on the fresh, overnight dew bleached my comfortable trainers making my feet squelch with every step. From the ground arose a hazy mass of steam through which I had to strain my don eyes to see. Overhead I heard the distant rumbling of a helicopter shattering the glorious peacefulness of this unimagined place. Stopping to inhale the stir mountain air I caught sight of a bunch of daffodils. Their petals shone like the 18-carat gold pendant that hung loosely around my neck. Bending down low I prudently picked them and placed them in my new satchel making sure they wouldnt get damaged.I quickened my pace slightly as I gaped at my watch. The time had flown by at amazing speed. I had been enjoying myself so much. Now as I neared the dense woodland that lay before me I started to feel more(prenominal) and more exhilarated.The entrance to the forest was extremely boggy. Clusters of trees spread their leaves out as far as possible as they fought to keep out the light. My wate ring eyes widened to let in every bit of available light. It was like entering a graveyard at midnight. Everything was silent. I shivered as small goose bumps protected my freezing body. It was much chillier in the forest. I scrabbled into my deep waterproof bag and retrieved my much-needed sweater. It took me an eternity to put it on as I struggled impatiently to get my massive head through the correct hole. I strolled on only to trip over a tree trunk. Ouch, I bellowed, more irritated than anything else. I heard a scuffle as an anxious vixenfled from my disturbance.I picked myself up and brushed the ingrained mud off of my combat, camouflaged trousers. The leaves swirled around my aching feet, irate from being uplifted from where they lay. I wandered on unaware of what was to follow.The twigs crackled from beneath my feet attacking me as I stomped along the disused path. I had no idea how far I was from the long awaited mountain but all at once seeing a strip of light desperately reaching towards the forest floor gave me hope. Behind me a sleepy owl hooted ignorantly, making me jump. I was already on edge as it was quite terrifying walking in the pitch black.Yes, I shrieked, as walking around the last corner I byword light at the end of the forest. I stepped up my pace to a jog, panting with every step as my deprived lungs gasped for air.I leapt out of the forest and there sure enough towering above me was the gigantic mountain. In my enthusiasm I started to climb. The steep gradient didnt bother me. It was my goal to get to the top and I would get there at all costs.Various birds squawked noisily above my head and flew off into the distance swooping and diving at different intervals. The fiery dragon that had earlier heated the air with its scorching breath and lit the sky with an incredible red sunrise had slowly flown behind the clouds. It was now stone cold and the first heavy drops of salty tasting rain were falling at an more and more hurried rate. The bright sky had turned a miserable grey. As I climbed, by now a little more slowly, I suddenly felt something hit my face. A sharp pang of pain rippled through my cheek and I clutched it tightly, cringing as it began to throb. I looked around and saw the culprit. The bat flew off innocently as if it had done nothing wrong. All around I could see animals running for cover. If only then I had make believe the danger they were warning me of things might have been a lot different.The atmosphere was creepy. The noticeable noise that had once surrounded the mountain had completely disappeared. It was eerie and as the first flash of disconcerting lightning appeared in the dismal sky I was rather wishing I was still at home. clump I heard the noise from behind me. I started to panic. It was probably a tree falling down or something of that kind I thought, desperately trying to reassure myself.Thud I heard it again. I froze. Looking around I could see nothing but I felt so vulnerable, so alone. I courageously carried on.Thud By now I was petrified. Tears ran down my fearful face. I screamed out. Battling against the driving rain I ran.Thud Thud Somebody was chasing me. I looked behind me. Nothing.Help, I whimpered, but I new there was no one to save me.Thud Thud Thud It continued. I was in hysteria, watering up mountain. My legs could go no faster.Thud Thud I looked behind me again. Nothing. At every step I tookThud Thud I was blind by fear and as I glanced behind me once more through my tear-glazed eyes I could see a tall, dark figure. Although transparent in appearance to my horror I could see it was moving towards me.Thud Thud I felt the breath on my neck. Hot. Clammy. I was screaming with terror. I felt dangerously faint. The fine hairs on the back of my pale neck stuck up on end. Speechless from shock, still I screamed. But I could no protracted go on. In my growing exhaustion, I stumbled. Then I felt him grab meCut, The director bellowed. We had been filmin g all day and I was just acquire in the mood for the thriller that we were staging. Retreating hastily to join the rest of the cast I knew what the director was about to say. In the failing evening light he took the speech right out of my mind. The light is to dim. All return back here tomorrow he shouted as he stormed off.

Parents in Great Expectations Essay

Examine how monster portrays the incompetence of parents Great Expectations by Charles deuce is a bildungsroman, which is primarily concerned about the literal and metaphorical metamorphosis of the central protagonist, blot. However, Dickens main thrust is that of parenting through the utilization of Mrs. Joe Gargery and Miss Havisham to draw their injustices towards children. Miss Havisham from an affluent class abuses her privileges of being a parent by using Estella, her adopted daughter to attack the male gender. In contrast, Mrs.Joe Gargery is from a glower class, yet she too torments pip, but through physical and verbal means. Through Miss Havisham and Mrs. Joe, Dickens dams the ethical codes of the rich and the poor and moreover, conveys that the incompetence of parents that transcend economic boundaries. Contrastingly, Charles Dickens utilizes Mr. Joe Gargery as the leading embodiment of how parents should be offering maculation wisdom, but more importantly deal and fri endship. In the beginning, Dickens emphasizes the disgusted treatment of children in a low-class through the use of Mrs. Joe Gargery.Mrs.Joes apron symbolizes her unwillingness to perform her expected role and acts as a reminder of the troubles Pip gives her I may truly say Ive never had this apron of mine off, since born you were. Its bad enough to be a blacksmiths wife (and him a Gargery) without being your mother. (Pg 7) Mrs. Joe makes Pip feel guilty by reminding him of her domestic slavery. Thus, Pip is left feeling like he warrants all the abuse Mrs. Joe inflicts upon him. Moreover the coarse apron, stuck full of rowlocks and needles, reflects Mrs. Joes unapproachable and unloving nature.Also Through this Dickenss mocks the traditional gender roles in the Victorian times, as Mrs. Joe is perceived to be more masculine. Other incidents of Mrs. Joes rough behavior towards Pip further highlights the injustices of children. Mrs. Joes trenchant way of preparing meals portrays her forbid attitude towards Pip and Mr. Joe. The adjective trenchant implies a deliberate and hurtful action. She jammed the loaf hard and fast against her bib where it sometimes got a pin into it, and sometimes a needle, which we afterwards go into our mouths. (pg 8)This is peculiar for a married woman, of a mature age to be acting in this way. In plus this again demolishes the stereotypical mother figure. Furthermore, Dickens depicts the incompetence of parents in a wealthy class through Miss Havishams exploitation of Estella to highlight the ill treatment of children. Miss Havisham wallows in self-pity because the person she loved left her alone, on her wedding day. Miss. Havisham never recovered or allowed herself to recover. Her bluntness and harshness was not sexual climax from a rude old lady, but more from a lonely women trying to break free and escape.Miss Havisham surrounds herself in an environment that reflect her familiar feelings The passages were dark (p. 57) This can be seen as suppression keeping her problems inside and letting them kill her slowly. How she damages herself harms Estella as well. Estella was raised in a controlled environment, and psychologically disturbed by Miss. Havisham. Miss. Havisham says she cannot love anymore because of her uncontrollable suspicion that everyone is out to hurt her hence Estella will never experience love.By adopting Estella, it shows her longing for companion however hides this by claiming it is only for training purposes to break all mens hearts. Because of this Estella will never know what real love is. On the other hand, Dickens use of Mr. Joe exhibits elements of hope and contrastingly conveys the humanity of parents. Mr. Joe is not just a father figure to Pip, but as an pit too I always treated him as a large species of child and no more than my equal This quotation exhibits the genuine love Pip has for Joe and their close relationship. Mr. Joe conveys an interest about Pips educationI say, Pip, old chap cried Joe, opening his blue eyes wide, what a scholar you are. Ant you? (p. 42) Joe is proud of Pip and doesnt want Pip to be uneducated like him. He treats Pip like his own, even though he is adopted. He admits in Chapter seven that the only reason he is staying with Mrs. Joe is solely because of Pip. Lastly, Joes acceptance of Pip back into his house again reinforces his father qualities. Through Joe, Pip realizes the importance of family and friendship. In addition appreciates his relationship with Joe. Ironically, Dickens had a life somewhat similar to that of Pips life.Dickens grew up in Kent and travel to London, like Pip. His mother made him work in a Blacking warehouse at age twelve due to his fathers fiscal dilemmas. This incident in his life trampled him psychologically. Through his experience, Dickenss sympathizes for children and mocks the abuse of children in society as a whole. Dickens wrote strongly about muckle who ill-treated children through his no vels, for example Oliver Twist. The underlying fact, in Great Expectations, is that parents lack sufficient love for the maintenance of emotional stability in their children.

Going Green Essay

Our environment is getting worse day by day. Its getting harder and harder for our families to stay goodly with all the bad things we are around every day. We are affected by our environment, and more people are getting sicker and sicker. This could affect our families and our future oneness day. The government has been making solutions to solve this problem in the environment. Going green is budding into a national phenomenon, where clothing shops are bagging your organic t-shirts into biodegradable shopping bags. This becomes effective in various provinces in the Philippines. One example is the Tagaytay City. They are now against the use of plastics.Since the environment has been polluted due to the continuous fervent of non-biodegradable materials, the use of plastics has been avoided. They have produced eco-bags that will be used by the consumers instead of the ordinary plastic bags used during the previous times. This rule has been implemented in distinguishable places and s oon, the country will really be NO TO PLASTIC With that, we croup really say that its more fun in the Philippines There can be a solution in helping our environment become better. We can all save the Mother Earth. If we reach out to people who gaint care about our environment, we could change their point of view of things. We could tell them how bad things are in our world and that could change what their prospective on things. permit us discipline them. Let us be participative as the world goes green.Read moreEssay About Tourism in the Philippines

Critical Disagreement Essay

Few modern writers reveal a to a greater extent consistent intellectual development than Ernest Hemingway. In both his themes and the meaning he has found in them he has moved steadily and even logically from the earliest work of In Our Time to the epochal orientation of The Fifth Column. The logic of this development has for the most part remained un noniced by critics who surrender failed to realize that Hemingway, far from being a child of nature, is in fact an intellectual.They have presented him, consequently, as a sort of savage endowed with style, gifted but brainless. A Farewell to Arms ( 1929) takes us to the Italian drive and includes a vivid study of the terrible retreat from Caporetto. An American lieutenant in the Italian Red Cross falls in love with an side nurse and she with him. Both have previously suffered more attrition than gracious nerves can stand, and in their passionate attachment they find a psychological refuge from the incessant horror of war.They esca pe to brief happiness in Switzerland, but in giving birth to a child the girl dies. The culmination is far from inevitable. It is a comment on the looseness of Hemingways artistry that the moving picture version of this novel was equipped with alternative sad and golden closes. In A Farewell to Arms it is society as a whole that is rejected, social responsibility, social concern. Lieutenant heat content is in the War, but his view toward it is purely that of a spectator, refusing to be involved. He is leading a private bread and butter as an isolated individual.Even personal relations, of whatsoever depth or intimacy, he avoids he drinks with the officers and talks with the priest and visits the officers brothel, but all contacts he keeps, deliberately, on a superficial level. He has rejected the instauration. Such an attitude is possible only to a sensitive and reflective person. Henry is no naive barbarian. He was studying architecture in Italy when the War began he makes ironical remarks rough sculptures and bronzes his reflections and conversation contain allusions to Samuel Johnson, Saint Paul, Andrew Marvell, and Sir Thomas Wyatt.His flight from responsibility is the ultimate of the flight that Jake and Brett and Mike were trying to effect with drink and bullfights and sex. He is evading responsibility and emotion, taking refuge in simple primary sensations. Successfully, so far as the War is concerned I was always embarrassed by the words sacred, fantabulous and sacrifice and the expression in vain . . . Abstract words, such as glory, honor, courage, or hallow were obscene beside the concrete names of villages, the number of roads, the names of rivers, the number of regiments and the dates. Characterization Hemingways greatness lies not in the range of his characterization or the suppleness of his style but in the astonishing perfection of these express objectives. As Wilhelm points out, the oppressive weight of death and anxiety in this o bject composition, subtly framed for the readers perusal, undercuts the scenes mask of offbeat twain wartime colleagues bonding rather sophomorically in their desire for women. Henry imbues the elements of this expansive still life with symbolic import, foreshadowing events to come.Because objects are frequently used for characterization, Henrys possessions provide visual clues to the reader, but only as fragments in the larger narrative that withhold their essential meaning until the texts conclusion. (Wilhelm) The very intensity of Hemingways nihilism in his first stories and novels proved, however, that his need for an ideal expression in art was the mark of a passionate romanticistic who had been profoundly disappointed. The anguish of his characters was too dramatic, too flawless it was too transparent an inversion.The symbols Hemingway employed to convey his sense of the worlds futility and horror were always more significant than the characters who personified emotions, and the characters were so often felt as personified emotions that the emotions became sentimental. The gallery of expatriates in The Sun Also Rises were always subsidiary to the theme that the period itself was lost the lovers in A Farewell to Arms were, as Edmund Wilson has said, the abstractions of a lyric emotion.Hemingway had created a world of his own socially more brilliant than life, but he was not writing about people living in a world he was dealing in stock values again, driving his characters between the two poles of a tremulous inner exaltation and an absolute frustration. What he liked best was to invoke the specter of damnation. except A Farewell to Arms is a tragedy, and the lovers are shown as innocent victims with no relation to the forces that torment them.They themselves are not tormented within by that dissonance between personal merriment and the suffering one shares with others which it has been Hemingways triumph to handle. A Farewell to Arms, as the author on ce said, is a Romeo and Juliet. And when Catherine and her lover emerge from the stream of actionthe account of the Caporetto retreat is Hemingways best sustained piece of narrativewhen they escape from the alien necessities of which their romance has been merely an accident, which have been writing their story for them, then(prenominal) we perk that they are not in themselves convincing as human personalities.And we are confronted with the paradox that Hemingway, who possesses so unique a mimetic gift in catching the tone of social and national types and in making his people talk appropriately, has not shown any very solid sense of character, or indeed, any real interest in it. The people in his short stories are satisfactory because he has only to hit them off the point of the story does not lie in personalities, but in the emotion to which a situation gives rise.This is true even in The Sun Also Rises, where the characters are sketched with wonderful cleverness. But in A Farew ell to Arms, as soon as we are brought into real intimacy with the lovers, as soon as the author is obliged to rule them through a searching personal experience, we find merely an idealized relationship, the abstractions of a lyric emotion. Against the gaiety, the warmth of A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway portrays, of course, the cumulative degeneration of the human temperament under the conditions of war.The novel is a series of human defeats within one continuous and terrible sequence the rains, the cholera, the soldiers who mutilate themselves rather than go on fighting, the growing weariness of the Italian army which led up to Caporetto, the degeneration of Rinaldi himself who is symptomatic of the novels pattern, and at its start is so quick and alive. Contrasted against this in turn, in the love of Lieutenant Henry and Catherine Barkley we have another antithesis of increasing joy.The love and the despair are constantly related, intensely intertwined, and in the end nigh gain the feeling of life and death themselves the death preying upon the living organism of the lovers hope, eating into the flesh and destroying the form from page to page. nonetheless separately change of form, each advance of destruction makes the life of the novel more vital, the life we know must yield, but in the manner of its yielding asserting itself beyond its destruction. A Farewell to Arms in this sense lies quite outside of the pattern of Hemingways development which we have been showing.For the feeling of tragedy in the novel comes incisively from the struggle to participate in life despite all the odds, from the efforts of the lovers to fulfill themselves in a sterile world, from the exact impact of the human will which Hemingway has negated. Yet even here we must notice that Lieutenant Henry turns his back upon our society after Caporetto. Following his personal objectives he abandons his friends, his responsibilities as an officer, the entire interwoven of organized s ocial life represented by the army and the war.This farewell to arms is accomplished without request or permission. Lieutenant Henry, in fact, deserts, and his action is foreboding(prenominal) of his authors own future movement. You and me, says Nick to the Rinaldi of In Our Time, weve made a separate peace. And Hemingways separate peace was to embrace the woods of lettuce as well as Caporetto, the activities of normal times as well as war, and even at last the ordinary purposes of the individuals life within his society, as well as the collective purposes of society as a whole.Conclusion A Farewell to Arms is even more purely the story of one man here, even more than in The Sun Also Rises, the reader feels the cleft between the primary and secondary figures. Both books have the foreshortening of time which is more properly the privilege of the drama than of the traditional novel a technique toward which, since Hemingway demonstrated its immense value, American fiction has been striving with remarkable persistence.Back in the nineteenth century, when people like Henry James and Paul Bourget were taking such distinctions seriously, books like these would have been classified as novelas. I have some difficulty in feeling any wide gap between books in which Hemingway is reporting upon young men who are in character-tastes, occupations, age very much like himself, and books in which he drops the pretense of fiction in order to discuss the same materials in definite character to himself.And why, to come directly to the main question, do we have to consider Death in the Afternoon and Green Hills of Africa such failures, anyway? One may not be particularly interested in bullfighting and still find that the considered statement, by an accomplished artist, regarding the effect on his own personality of the study of the worlds most stylized form of violence is a document of extraordinary interest, particularly if the artist is making a special effort to see himself clearly at the time.We can also agree with Edmund Wilson that as a book about animals Green Hills of Africa is dull, as we can agree with Max Eastman that as a manual of tauromachy Death in the Afternoon is silly, and still be passionately interested in Hemingways report on himself as a killer. I imagine the answer is that we were concerned by the apparent disappearance of a novelist who seemed to be losing his grip. Hemingway himself was aware of the danger and discoursed upon it for the benefit of the German traveler in the beginning of Green Hills of Africa.He also seemed to feel the danger of losing his memory for sharply characterized sensations, so essential to his kind of writing. In the books after 1930 he seems disproportionately intent on catching things before he forgets them. Works Cited Balbert, Peter. Courage at the Border-Line Balder, Hemingway, and Lawrences the Captains Doll. Papers on Language & literary works 42. 3 (2006) Bloom, Harold, ed. Ernest Hemingways a Farewell to Arms. Philadelphia Chelsea House Publishers, 1987. Giles, Todd. Simon and Schusters Hemingway Audio Collection. The Hemingway brush up 26. 1 (2006) Onderdonk, Todd.Bitched Feminization, Identity, and the Hemingwayesque in the Sun Also Rises. Twentieth nose candy Literature 52. 1 (2006) Trodd, Zoe. Hemingways Camera Eye The Problem of Language and an Interwar Politics of Form. The Hemingway Review 26. 2 (2007) Wagner-Martin, Linda, ed. Seven Decades of Criticism Seven Decades of Criticism. East Lansing, MI Michigan State University Press, 1998. Whitlow, Roger. Cassandras Daughters The Women in Hemingway. Westport, CT Greenwood Press, 1984. Wilhelm, Randall S. Objects on the Table Anxiety and Still Life in Hemingways A Farewell to Arms. The Hemingway Review 26. 1 (2006)